Landscape of Indian Higher Education Policy with Special Reference to Gender And Socio-Economic Inequality: Equity, Access, And Accountability In The Digital Landscape

Abstract

The rapid digital transformation of higher education in India has generated unprecedented opportunities for expanding educational access while simultaneously exposing persistent inequalities associated with gender and socio-economic status. Despite significant policy interventions such as the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, Digital India, SWAYAM, PM eVIDYA, and the National Digital University initiative, disparities in digital access continue to influence educational participation and outcomes. This study examines the evolving landscape of Indian higher education policy with a particular focus on equity, access, and accountability in the digital era. Using a mixed-method approach based on secondary data from the All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE), National Sample Survey (NSS), National Family Health Survey (NFHS), Ministry of Education reports, and policy documents, the research analyzes trends in enrollment, digital access, gender participation, and socio-economic inequalities between 2018 and 2025. Descriptive statistics, trend analysis, and comparative policy evaluation were employed to assess the effectiveness of policy interventions.

The findings reveal that while the Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) for women has surpassed that of men nationally, significant disparities remain among rural populations, lower-income households, and marginalized social groups. Digital infrastructure deficiencies, affordability constraints, and uneven technological literacy continue to limit equitable access to higher education. The study further identifies accountability challenges related to policy implementation, institutional readiness, and monitoring mechanisms. The paper concludes that inclusive digital governance, targeted financial assistance, gender-responsive technology policies, and enhanced accountability frameworks are essential for achieving

equitable higher education outcomes. The findings contribute to policy discussions concerning digital inclusion and social justice within India's higher education ecosystem.