PROPAGANDA AS A TOOL FOR FORMING PUBLIC CONSCIOUSNESS: HISTORICAL ASPECTS AND MODERN CHALLENGES

Abstract

Propaganda is a powerful tool used to exert targeted influence on mass consciousness. The article analyzes the main theoretical approaches to understanding propaganda, its historical evolution, mechanisms of functioning in various political regimes, as well as modern forms, including digital and algorithmic propaganda. Particular attention is paid to the influence of propaganda on democratic processes, public opinion and behavioral attitudes of individuals.

The article examines the historical evolution of propaganda as a social and political phenomenon. The analysis covers key stages in the development of propaganda — from religious forms in ancient times to mass information campaigns of the 21th century. Particular attention is paid to the institutionalization of propaganda, its ideological functions and technological transformations. The aim of the study is to identify the mechanisms of the influence of propaganda on public consciousness in different historical periods. The article is based on an interdisciplinary approach and includes references to the works of domestic and foreign researchers.