Spatial-Interactive Perception in People with Visual Impairments

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to investigate the interactive spatial perception of people with visual impairments and to examine the implications of differences in   interactive spatial perception according to the variable of gender (male and female). The research sample was limited to students with visual impairments who were enrolled and actively attending institutes affiliated with the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs. The sample comprised 248 students with visual impairments for the academic year 2025–2026. The researchers then developed a scale for interactive spatial perception. After verifying its psychometric properties, the final version comprised 43 items. The researchers adopted three response options for each item: Always applies to me ‘Sometimes applies to me and Does not apply to me’. These options were assigned weights of 3, 2 and 1 respectively. Consequently, the maximum possible score on the scale was 129, whilst the minimum possible score was 43, whilst the scale’s hypothetical mean was 86 points. The results showed that people with visual impairments possess a high level of spatial-reactive perception, and that gender does not influence the level of spatial-reactive perception among people with visual impairments. The researchers then put forward a number of recommendations and suggestions