The Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SDG5) in Pakistan: Legal Commitment’s Evaluation, Governance Framework and Enforcement Gaps

Abstract

Sustainable development is a core milestone in modern development policy as it connects economic progress with equality, justice, and fairness. It promotes development that benefits not only the present generation but also protects opportunities for future generations. Sustainable development should not be viewed merely as economic growth or material advancement; rather, it requires a model of progress that is inclusive, equitable, accountable, and socially balanced.  Against this backdrop sustainable development is  not a secondary social objective but a central condition for meaningful development, particularly in Pakistan, where gender inequality continues to affect access to justice, institutional participation, economic opportunity, and social protection. The sustainable development goal 5 (gender equality) strengthens the rule of law, improves institutional legitimacy, expands human capital, and supports inclusive economic growth. This article argues that the challenges surrounding SDG 5 in Pakistan do not arise only from the absence of legal recognition, but more significantly from weak governance, ineffective enforcement, fragmented institutional coordination, social resistance, and limited monitoring mechanisms. It first examines the major gender equality gaps experienced in Pakistan, and then analyzes the country’s legal and policy commitments, governance arrangements, enforcement weaknesses, and accountability limitations. The article maintains that symbolic reforms, although important, are not sufficient to achieve substantive gender equality unless they are supported by practical implementation measures. For SDG 5 to become meaningful in Pakistan, there is a need for safe reporting mechanisms, better institutional coordination, gender responsive budgeting, reliable data systems, women’s participation in decision making, and effective protection services. The article concludes by emphasizing that Pakistan must move beyond symbolic commitments and adopt a more pragmatic and sustainable approach to  implement  SDG 5.